The Invention of Television and Its Effects on Society

People in todays society live a daily life that a basic person could map out. They go to work, come home and make dinner, and sit down and watch some television. For kids it would be to come home from school, and watch television. Television has become a major power in our culture. It is our way to watch the news, hear the weather forecast, and to sit down and relax watching our favorite show or movie. But is the television really that good for our society? In 1884 the first ideas of the television came to an inventor by the name of Paul Nipkow. It was called the scanning disk and was patented by him in 1884. It worked by having a large disk spin in front of an object, while the photoelectric cell that worked it would take in the changes†¦show more content†¦This led to a battle between the powers for the patent on the television. Farnsworth knew that he couldnt license his own inventions at the time because the patent war was in court. Farnsworth himself couldnt even keep h is own working area stable. During the patent battle he fired his fellow lab workers and rehired them many times. This was due not only to financial troubles, but of his lack of confidence in his control in the company. RCA in the meantime had begun their investment in the idea of the television. Before 1939 the Radio Corporation of America had dumped over ten million dollars into the development of the television. At the 1939 Worlds Fair in New York, Sarnoff spoke on behalf of RCA and said that they would launch commercial television. This was an understatement for the time though as the Radio Corporation of Americas camera was not yet ready, and the corporation had yet to own a patent on the television. RCA later in 1939 had to pay patent royalties to Farnsworths company, which made Farnsworth part of the television scene. But Farnsworth now realized that the situation was out of his hands and into businessmens hands. He sold off his company after World War II. In todays world television has taken a very dominant role in our lives. One could look at the average Americans viewing habits as follows. A person wakes up and turns on the television to see the morning weather and how their stocks fared. The individual proceeds to go to work,Show MoreRelated The Invention and Evolution of Television Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesThe Invention and Evolution of Television    The television is an invention that without a doubt changed the world. Televisions have been available for the public to own since the early ‘40s. Like every invention the Television’s popularity started off slow. At the end of World War Two about 8,000 households owned a television. At this point in time televisions were all black and white, small, and had no more than a few channels to choose from. The programming consisted of entertainment andRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Television on Society885 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Television on Society The question whether or not television has had a decisive influence on everyday life and has helped change society, has been questioned by sociologists and psychologists for many years now. â€Å"T.V. determines what people think and what they do and thus controls them psychologically and socially. It can make people think things they would not otherwise think, and do things they would not otherwise do.â€Å"(Srinati, 2000: 179) Read MoreThe Adverse Effects of TV Essay examples755 Words   |  4 PagesYears ago, society was full of hard-working, fit, energetic people who diligently worked to improve civilization. But then, society became infected – by television. The virus slowly spread from person to person and began to take over the lives of everyone it encountered. Over the course of eight decades, the virus came to dictate every day activities and transformed a spirited species into languid losers. Television has ultimately turned society into a vegetable garden that is controlled by technologicalRead MoreTelevision And Its Effect On The World Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesThe way we are using television today is amazing. We can stay aware of what s happening on the other side of the world. There will always be something on T.V no matter what mood you re in. For example, there are cooking shows, scary movies, sad movies, funny shows and etc. The amount of money that made for television is insa ne. From commercials being thousands of dollars to shows costing millions to air. It wasn t something people back in the 1900s thought was ever possible. The way people wouldRead More Televisions Effects on the Natural Environment Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesTelevisions Effects on the Natural Environment You may be thinking, â€Å"How on earth could the TV have an affect on our natural environment?† and you have every right to. At first glance, it may seem impossible that the TV can have an effect on our natural surroundings; but, nevertheless, it does. One of the ways that the TV can have an effect on our surroundings is by the amount of power that is needed to run all of the TV’s in the world. I realize, that compared to other appliancesRead MoreEssay about The Harmful Effects of Technology1651 Words   |  7 Pagesnineteenth centuries, there have been many advances in technology. The invention of the telephone, the cell phone, and the computer have greatly increased society’s ability to communicate, and automobiles have enabled more efficient transportation. Television and the World Wide Web have provided entertainment for people of all ages. Technological inventions seem to have improved our way of life, but they have caused many side effects that have a negative impact on the world as well. Although there haveRead MoreEssay on Negative Effects of Tv on Family Life1130 Words   |  5 PagesNegative Effects of TV The television has many effects on family life and the individual, causing family bonds to unravel and the individual to become naà ¯ve of their surroundings. The TV keeps one hooked for hours on end, causing family relationships to diminish and personal relationships to weaken. Not only does the TV seem to be a good alternative to conversations and interactions amongst one another, but it also helps to create a gap between the fictional world of TV and reality. Since theRead MoreLight Bulbs : The Invention That Changed The World895 Words   |  4 PagesLight bulbs: The Invention that Changed the World In our contemporary American society, we tend to take for granted the incredible inventions that surround us daily. From the inventions of cell phones to hybrid cars, new innovations shape our daily lives. One important invention transformed the American lifestyle and increased productivity: Light bulbs. In 1879, Thomas Alva Edison developed an incandescent light bulb that used platinum filaments, which was later replaced in 1880 with a carbonizedRead MoreEstablishing a popular culture or becoming a celebrity has been a desire of many. The rewards in1200 Words   |  5 Pagesmanner in which individuals have sought to bring themselves to the attention of others and, not incidentally, have gained power over them. The desire to accomplish recognition is both universal and timeless, and Steve Jobs made it to the top with his invention of the iPhone, not only in the United States, but also across the world. One of the main factors that really fuelled iPhone to become a pop culture was Apple’s competition with Google. In this regard, it turned out that Google, whose former CEORead MoreThe History of Television Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of television and its influence on people lives. How did television revolutionize the world? TV, more commonly known as ‘television’ is one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century. In ancient Greek tà ¨le means ‘far, and in Latin visio means sight. From my perspective and many people of the world television has changed the way we live. Television has brought many amazing things, however nothing is perfect. Television sets were commercially available since the late 1920s but in very

Marvel Corporate Stucture Free Essays

The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment, Inc. at a price of $4. 24 billion, on December 31, 2009. We will write a custom essay sample on Marvel Corporate Stucture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since then Marvel Entertainment has been run as a limited liability company under the Walt Disney Company. Isaac Perlmutter CEO of Marvel Entertainment continued to retain his position after the Disney purchase and he now â€Å"oversee Marvel properties and will work with Disney’s corporate branch to integrate Marvel’s properties under the Disney umbrella. (w1) â€Å"Disney is the perfect home for Marvel’s fantastic library of characters given its proven ability to expand content creation and licensing businesses,† said Perlmutter. â€Å"This is an unparalleled opportunity for Marvel to build upon its vibrant brand and character properties by accessing Disney’s tremendous global organization and infrastructure around the world. â€Å"(w1) Corporate structure at marvel Entertainment is further divided base on the company’s operating divisions and subsidiaries. The three divisions part of Marvel Entertainment are Marvel Toys, Marvel Television, and Spider-man Merchandising, L. P. Marvel Toys, the toy division of Marvel Entertainment is run by Isaac Perlmutter. Marvel Television launched in 2010 is run by Jeph Loeb. And Spider-man Merchandising, L. P is â€Å"a joint venture of Marvel and Sony Pictures Consumer Products Inc, which owns the rights to Spider-Man movie related licensed products. †(w2) Much of the media content that comes from Marvel Entertainment is produced under several different subsidiaries. ? Marvel Entertainment International Limited Marvel Film Productions LLC ? Marvel Internet Productions LLC ? Marvel Property, Inc. ? Marvel Toys Limited ? MRV, Inc. ? MVL Development LLC ? MVL International C. V. intellectual property holding companies ? Marvel Characters, Inc. ? Marvel Characters B. V. ? Marvel International Character Holdings LLC ? Marvel Publishing, Inc. ? Marvel Studios ? MVL Film Finance LLC ? Marvel Animati on B. Corporate Culture Since new came out about Disney’s acquisition of Marvel Entertainment many critics said it would have an enormous effect on the culture at marvel. Several of these early reports were due to the fact of contrast between Marvel’s dark villains and heroes, and Disney’s more kid friendly characters. Manny people feared that the parent company Disney would try to change many of Marvel’s franchise characters, and viewed this change in corporate culture as a weakness to the future of Marvel Entertainment. However they way Marvel and Disney operate as a business is not very different from one another. In comparing Marvel’s previous mission statement to Disney one can see that there is not much reasoning as to why this acquisition would be a weakness to Marvel. Marvel’s previous mission statement: â€Å"Marvel’s operations are focused on utilizing its character franchises in licensing, entertainment, publishing and toys. Areas of emphasis include feature films, DVD/home video, consumer products, video games, action figures and role-playing toys, television and promotions. Rooted in the creative success of over sixty years of comic book publishing, Marvel’s strategy is to leverage its character franchises in a growing array of opportunities around the world. † (w3) Disney’s Mission statement: The mission of The Walt Disney Company is to be one of the world’s leading producers and providers of entertainment and information. Using our portfolio of brands to differentiate our content, services and consumer products, we seek to develop the most creative, innovative and profitable entertainment experiences and related products in the world. † (w4) Moreover Bob Iger, president and CEO of Disney has said â€Å"Marvel brings added value to Disney, but [they] are allowed to retain their unique culture. † (w5) Using the Disney acquisition of Pixar in 2006, Iger has been true to his word in allowing acquired companies to continue to work under their own corporate culture. W1 http://www. lifthill. com/news/disney-to-purchase-marvel-entertainment/ W2 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Marvel_Entertainment W3 http://rochester. iweb. bsu. edu/profile. html W4 http://retailindustry. about. com/od/retailbestpractices/ig/Company-Mission-Statements/Walt-Disney-Mission-Statement. htm W5 http://micechat. com/forums/news/138873-iger-disney-innovated-pixar-marvel. html How to cite Marvel Corporate Stucture, Papers

Religious Freedom free essay sample

Freedom In the United States today, Catholics find themselves religiously threatened by new government laws and mandates. Some of the most prestigious Catholic agencies find themselves choosing between their moral beliefs, or completely shutting down due to society and the new laws. Same-sex marriage laws have lead to countless number of lawsuits due to Christians refusing to give in to societys standards. Catholic citizens, in such a chaotic and immoral society, must fight the social normal and restore the eliefs and teachings of Christ. The city of Boston, home to one of the nations oldest adoption agencies, recently found itself forced to make a somewhat impossible decision: Molate its conscience or close its doors. (USCCB). In order to be legally licensed in the state, the adoption agencies would have to abide by laws in regards to discrimination against sexual orientation, meaning children would have to have the option to live with same-sex couples. We will write a custom essay sample on Religious Freedom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The same scenario started sweeping the nation. Charities and agencies in San Francisco, Illinois, Georgia, and the District of Columbia were also quickly forced to shut down permanently. In Illinois specifically, the state would no longer provide them with money if they refused to place children in same- sex homes. Bishop Paprocki of the Diocese of Springfield said, In the name of tolerance, we are not being tolerated (USCCB). Catholics must fight for the most vital parts of the Church, its agencies and charities, defending the idea of religious freedom. Catholic Social Teaching states that as members of the church every ndividual has a call to participation, and community, fghting for Justice in society (Catholic Social Teaching). Whether it includes going to the nations capital, or raising money in a local parish, every Catholic should make an effort to fight for true religious freedom in every country around the world. The conflict of religious freedom extends beyond the United States, to the neighboring country of Canada. A recent government announcement of a Canadian Charter of Quebec values defines Quebec as a strictly secular state. The minister responsible for Democratic Institutions and Active Citizenship says, We therefore propose to establish a duty of religious neutrality and reserve among state personnel. This duty would mean that state employees could not wear conspicuous religious symbols while they work (Catholic News Agency). This law concerns many people in the state, forbidding simple Jewelry like rosary bracelets, small crucifixes, veils, etc. Quebec essentially desires to eliminate any religious element in its society. Catholic schools, though still llowed to keep its title of catholic, will see a drastic change, with the government dictating what teachers can and cannot teach the students. Christians, Muslims, Jews, etc. from all over proceed to call on the government to overturn these strict restrictions. Bishops and religious leaders continue to act on the call to participate, writing letters, and conducting interviews stating the immediate actions that need to be taken against the charter. All around the globe, governments continue to pass laws limiting the work of Catholic agencies and faithful believers.

Iran Iraq war causes and consequences free essay sample

Iran-Iraq conflict causes and consequences (1980-88) INTRODUCTION : This conflict began when Iraq invaded iran in 1980 followed by border disputes and Irq’s desire to become dominant Persian Gulf state and the Iranian revolution at that time .but they couldn’t get the control they only occupied some portion of iran and then repelled by iran .Despite calls for a ceasefire by the United Nations Security Council, hostilities continued until 20 August 1988. The war finally ended with Resolution 598, Causes : The causes of Iran Iraq conflicts can be attributed to wide range of issues Political causes-historical claims of territory, Shatt Al Arab waterway dispute and result of six day war Economic causes- occupying of Khuzestan, religious  Cultural causes- cultural differences between Iran and Iraq and results of the Iranian revolution Long term causes: Historical disputes: The historical disputes over the shatt al arab waterway and border can be traced back to the Islamic period that occurred in 7 th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Iran Iraq war causes and consequences or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page invasions and counter invasions occurred between Mesopotamia and Persia regions.Iraq’s population was primarily composed of arab with small minority of kurds.Iran’s population was more diverse Persian,kurds,baluchis,turkmans and other tukic groups. In 1420 ad safavid empire began rebelling against dominance of Ottoman empire in Middle east. Ottomoan empire was In control over Iraq and safavid empire was in control of curren Iran.distinct branches in Islam (shai and sunni)became more distinct.resulted in the beginning of present day nationalism.in 1639 ad treaty of zuhab border lines between countries had always been vauge when described in the treaty of zuhab.the treaty was signed between former Ottomon empire (the Iraqis)and the safavid empire(Iran).treaty of zuhab stated that the border between Iran and Iraq would run between the zagros mountains and the tigris river.this treaty acted as final solution to the hundred year territorial dispute between the two countries.it grants the Persians tsoutheren Caucasus and all of Mesopotamia to the Ottomans the treaty however did not end the animosity  between Iran and Iraq.18 additional trations were digned before the turn of the twentieth century. In 1847 treaty of ezerum,was signed by two countries deeming the water way as a border.russian and Britain assumed roles as medi ators to 1847 treaty.Iraq would maintain complete control of this waterway and territories to the east and Iran would only granted minimal access to the river.however Iran only agreed upon these terms in exchange for two Iraqi cities.however shortly after Iran began to push their claims west.wanted to maintain part, if not all of shatt waterway and have unlimited access. In 1937 a revised treaty was established between the newly established and independent Iran and Iraq.the boundaries were to run along the left bank(east bank) of shatt al arab,except for a stretch of 8 kilometers in front of Abadan(Iranian town).Iran and Iraq maintained a somewhat friendly relationship. relationship was later disrupted by instability of monarchies. Border and shatt al arab water way disputes. Shatt al arab water way is responsible for the connection between the Persian gulf with Iranian ports of khorramshan and Abadan and Iraqi port of basra.the shatt al arab is of utmost significance as it acts as the current Iraq’s only access to the Persian gulf.the Russians supported the desired claim of the eastern bank waterway to the Persians while the Britain backup the Ottoman in occupying both banks.the support from the Russians and bretain in the occupying for the river would give them each an upper hand with their trading partners Shatt al arab treaty 1847 treaty was established and stated that the shatt would act as boundary khorramshahn and Abadan.Iraq would maintain complete control of this waterway and Iran would not be granted access to the river.howerver,Iran only agreed upon these terms in exchange for the two Iraqi cities.they turn reducd their dependence on the river. Short term causes: Result of six day war: The participation of Iraq during the October war,more commonly referred to as the six day war,under the governing of the Baath party was quite minimal.their minimal participation is primarly attributed to iarq’s poor preparation.this resulted in Iraq’s mentality to improve their warfare and  expand military.iraqpurchased 1600 additional tanks from the USSR and 200 more aircrafts.Baath party promoted saddam to head of military competence,essentially giving saddam the right to complete military control. Nationalism rivalry for power: Result of Iranian revolution: shah of Iran was overthrown in 1979 by radical Islamist and communist.ayatollah Khomeini came into power . the Iranian government led by shah was previously pro-western and anti-socialist turned into highly religious and theocratic government.Israel and the united states were now seen as enimies.mentality of Iranian government was drastically altered. Quest for dominance: with overthrowing of shah dictatorship,the shi’i muslims of Iran saw this as the new beginning for the country.they developed a strong sense of pride and nationlisam in their country.ayatollah Khomeini accused saddam’s regime of being anti-Islamic and overly secular. Looking to overthrow Iraqi regime. That was part of khomeinini’s border plan of expanding the Islamic revolution throughout the middle east. Saddam Hussein ,in Iraq was at the same time looking to establish himself as a great leader in the arab community.their neighbor’s in the west were seen as their largest threat.Iran was viewed as military vulanarable as result of their recent revolution in 1979.it is difficult to pinpoint precisely to when thewar broke out.earliest forms of violence between two countries are the attack of Iranian villages of khmoneini supporting Iraqis in 1979 by Iraq and the support of rebel groups and the deportation of Iraq born Iraqi civilians.majority of these acts of violence occurred at the border between Iran and Iraq The occupation of Khuzestan: Another geographic region that was considered valuble in addition to the shatt al arab ws Khuzestan.Iarq strategized to sieze control over Khuzestan(occurd in 1980),which is located in south western Iran across from the waterway.khuzestan is rich with oil and is responsible for majority of Iran’s oil supply.saddam was convinced that the capture of this valuble piece of land would result in a new Iranian revolution that would call for the instillations of a government whose intrests were more comparable with Iraq’s. Religious and governmental differences: Difference in ideologies and religious beliefs between Iran and Iraq was an outstanding issue.newly established leaders caused an increased level of nationalism. The invasion of Iran by saddam Hussein acted as culmination to fighting. Effects during the Iran Iraq war: In the final stages of war(1987-1988) no clear military gain for either sides’1983-84 stalemate. Iraq began facing difficulties prior to 1987.lacked capability to counter attack Iranian offensives. outnumbered by population. Iran strengthened by war strong initiative in 1987 attacks seeming better able to survive along conflict.since regaining all lost territory in 1982,Iran was on the offensive until 1988.course of war changed radically in spring of 1988 moving nations to cease fire. Series of Iraqi victories in 1988 compelled Iran to accept previously refused ceasefire agreement. Taker war: Tanker war of 1984 Iraqi attempt to sabotage Iran.strait of hormuz one of the most strategically important passages for oil transport. United states threatened to invade Iran if they closed strait. Iraq attacked Iranian kharg island iol tankers in 1984.iran retailed by attacking tankers of all countries that supported Iraq. Both nations attacked oil tankers and merchant ships in an effort to bankrupt opponent. US involvement lead to death of 290 innocent passengers on mistaken airline,strike on 5 oil vessels.damaged Iranian American relations. War of cities: Stalemate 1985-1987,Iraqi forces better trained ,out numbered by Iranian forces,civilinas became new target.started by Iraq February 1988.Iraq attacked 65 Iranian citites in 42 days 8 missile targets killed 65 children in an elementary school. Iranian civilian aircrafts,trains,Teheran oil refinery were destroyed . Iraq launched 520 scuds at Iran, received 177 in return.in march Iran retaliated by launching 3 scud missiles at Baghdad.gave Iraq excuse to sharply escalate war. Iran was losing morale after 8 years of  conflict. Repeated offesives exhausted Iranian capabilities for the war. Iranians no longer supported the war. Publicizing the war pushed for UN ceasefire .Iran ambiguously accepted.USSR and China denied US,UK and France’s arms embargo. Iran angrily denied USSR limited missile ceasefire. Iraqi Kurdistan: Iraqi controlled portion. Historically oppressed by the Iraqi government. Kurdish support for Iran angered Iraq. Iraq launched support for Iran angered Iraq. Iraq launched heavy poison gas attacks on halabjah, march 1988. Khomeini showed will to accept resolution 598 â€Å"happy are those who have departed through martyrdom †¦.unhappy am I that I have drunk this poisoned chalice â€Å". United States only nation that did not publicly condemn use of chemical warfare. Final stages –moving towards ceasefire: 1988 critical turning point in war’s outcome. 3 factors: that played a major role are decline of Iran’s ability to continue fighting due to political and military losses .western presence in gulf combined with Iran’s diplomatic isolation. critical changes to Iraq’s armed forces and methods of warfare. Cease fire: Iran accepted peace resolution 598 on august 20 1988, both sides agreed to pre-war boundaries. Important aspects of Resolution 598: Accept ceasefire and withdraw forces. Settle border disputes under UN held negotiations. Same terms as 1982 resolution. final exchange of POW in 2003. Effects after war: In Iraq: Political effects: Immediately rebuilt broken ties with Saudi Arabia ,Kuwait , Bahrain . started relations with European countries. Diplomatic problems with west untouched. UN was looking to contain Iran. New Iranian leadership (1989) ayatollah khomenini dies, ali Khamenei elected as supreme leader of Iran by assembly of experts. Akbar Rafsanjani elected as president. Adopted economy first policy.attempted to boost foreign investment and trade through liberalizing Iranian markets. Supported privatization policy. Economic reforms helped spur Iranian regrowth. Economic effects: Collapsing economy, futher declined collapse from Islamic revolution. More than 1 million casualities. Exhausted foreign reserves (14.6 billions to 1 billion). Saudi Arabia vetoed Iranian OPEC attempt to cut production and raise prices. Cultural effects: Shi’a muslims continued to dominate. Iranian revolutionary guard corps created to defend theocratic rule (Shiite national guard). Before his death, khomenin tried influencing sunni Iranians with his own theocratic beliefs. The 90s saw an imbalance of religion and republicanism. Technological effects: Outcome of war influenced scientific advancements in Iran.experianced technological and research revival.has fastest scientific growth rate. In Iraq: political effects: US-Iraq ties. Us largest western supporter of Iraq during the war. Iraq believed it could act without consequence in Gulf war.president bush signed NSD26, US wants to maintain friendly relations with gulf oil states.national security for US and stability in Gulf. Iraq relied on the oil exports to rrebuild economy .law of supply states that as supply increses, price decreses (vice versa). Kuwait refused to implement quota. Iraq’s economy unable to rebuild from war reparations. Accusations of Kuwait drilling illegally in Irqa oil fields. Lead to invasion of Kuwait in 1990. Cultural effects : Hussein introduced austerity measures to mobilize population for war effort. All citizens required to donate blood. To gain Shiite support, more were let into the government . brought support by making generous contributions of shia waqf.in Kurdish genocide systematic attacks against Kurdish population. US assisted Iraq in avoiding repercussions from worldwide condemnation. mustard gas, sarin chemical weapons. massacred 50000-100000 civilians. destroyed 4000 villages,4500 schools mosques, hospitals and 27 churches. War brought international attention to Kurdish oppression. UN passed resolution 688 in 1991,condemning Iraqi oppression of Kurd. demanded access to humanitarian aid. Economic effects: 600 billions debt accumulated with the destruction of economic developments. relations with allies grew tense as Iraq unable to pay back debts. Slowed GDP growth. eventually became most indebted poor country in the world. Conclusion: 8 years of fighting in vain,for both sides.this is the deadliest conflits since world war II.both countries were devasted economically. Iran seemed to have learnt from mistakes, while bankrupt Iraq found it self involved in another conflict .in 1990,saddam Hussein recognized Iranian rights over eastern half of shaat-al –Arab. First widespread use of chemical warfare since 1918.and Iran became more militaristic and anti-western.

The STOP ERA Campaign Against Womens Equality

The STOP ERA Campaign Against Women's Equality STOP  ERA was the name of conservative activist Phyllis Schlaflys campaign against the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) which she founded after Congress passed the proposed amendment in 1972. Her campaign played a significant role in the fight to prevent ERA from being ratified in the 1970s. The Origins of STOP ERA The name of STOP ERA is based on an acronym for Stop Taking Our Privileges.  The campaign argued that women were already protected under the laws of the time and making ERA gender neutral would somehow deprive women of their special protections and privileges. STOP ERAs major supporters were already supporters of Schlaflys conservative group, Eagle Forum, and came from the right wing of the Republican Party. Christian conservatives also organized for STOP ERA and used their churches to provide meeting spaces for events and network with legislators who were valuable to the strategic approach of the movement. Though STOP ERA included people from a wide variety of existing groups, Phyllis Schlafly led the effort and hand-picked state directors to steer the campaign as well. The state organizations raised funds and decided on a strategy for the initiative. The 10-Year Campaign and Beyond The STOP  ERA campaign fought against the amendment from the time it was sent to the states for ratification in 1972 until the final ERA deadline in 1982. Ultimately, ratification of the ERA fell three states short of the number needed to add it to the Constitution. Many organizations, including the National Organization for Women (NOW), continue to work for an amendment guaranteeing equal rights for women. In response, Phyllis Schlafly continued her STOP  ERA campaign through her Eagle Forum organization, which warned that radical feminists and â€Å"activist judges† still want to pass the amendment. Schlafly, however, died in 2016. The Anti-Feminist Philosophy Phyllis Schlafly was so well known for her antagonism to gender equality that the Eagle Forum described her as the â€Å"most articulate and successful opponent of the radical feminist movement.† An advocate for honoring the â€Å"dignityâ€Å" of the role of homemaker, Schlafly called the women’s liberation movement highly detrimental to families and the U.S. as a whole. Reasons to Stop the ERA Phyllis Schlafly traveled across the U.S. throughout the 1970s calling for opposition to the ERA because it would supposedly lead to a reversal in gender roles, same-sex marriages, and women in combat, which would weaken the militarys combat strength. Opponents of the amendment also speculated that it would result in taxpayer-funded abortions, unisex bathrooms, and remove laws that depend on gender to define a sex crime. Perhaps most of all, Schalfy feared that ERA would hurt families and eliminate Social Security benefits for widows and homemakers. Although she had earned a salary, Schalfy did not believe women should be in the paid workforce, especially if they had young children. If women were to stay home and raise families, earning no benefits of their own, Social Security was a necessity. Another concern was that ERA would abolish a husbands legal responsibility to support his wife and family and would alter child support and alimony laws to make them gender neutral. Overall, conservatives worried that the amendment would undermine the authority of men over women, which they saw as the proper power relationship for well-functioning families.   Many of these claims about ERA have been disputed by legal scholars. Still, the STOP  ERA campaign continues to generate news whenever the ERA is reintroduced in national or state legislative sessions. Edited and updated with additional information by Jone Johnson Lewis.

150 Million Years of Marsupial Evolution

150 Million Years of Marsupial Evolution You wouldnt know it from their relatively paltry numbers today, but marsupials (the kangaroos, koalas, wombats, etc. of Australia, as well as the opossums of the western hemisphere) have a rich evolutionary history. As far as paleontologists can tell, the distant ancestors of modern opossums diverged from the distant ancestors of modern placental mammals about 160 million years ago, during the late Jurassic period (when pretty much all mammals were the size of mice), and the first true marsupial appeared during the early Cretaceous, about 35 million years later. (See a gallery of prehistoric marsupial pictures and profiles and a list of recently extinct marsupials.) Before we go any further, its worthwhile to review what sets marsupials apart from the mainstream of mammalian evolution. The vast majority of mammals on earth today are placental: fetuses are nurtured in their mothers wombs, by means of a placenta, and theyre born in a relatively advanced state of development. Marsupials, by contrast, give birth to undeveloped, fetus-like young, which then must spend helpless months suckling milk in their mothers pouches. (Theres also a third, much smaller group of mammals, the egg-laying monotremes, typified by platypuses and echidnas.) The First Marsupials Because the mammals of the Mesozoic Era were so smalland because soft tissues dont preserve well in the fossil recordscientists cant directly examine the reproductive systems of animals from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. What they can do, though, is examine and compare these mammals teeth, and by that criterion, the earliest identified marsupial was Sinodelphys, from early Cretaceous Asia. The giveaway is that prehistoric marsupials possessed four pairs of molars in each of their upper and lower jaws, while placental mammals had no more than three. For tens of millions of years after Sinodelphys, the marsupial fossil record is frustratingly scattered and incomplete. We do know that early marsupials (or metatherians, as theyre sometimes called by paleontologists) spread from Asia to North and South America, and then from South America to Australia, by way of Antarctica (which was much more temperate at the end of the Mesozoic Era). By the time the evolutionary dust had cleared, by the end of the Eocene epoch, marsupials had disappeared from North America and Eurasia  but prospered in South America and Australia. The Marsupials of South America For most of the Cenozoic Era, South America was a gigantic island continent, completely separated from North America until the emergence of the Central American isthmus about three million years ago. During these eons, South Americas marsupialstechnically known as sparassodonts, and technically classified as a sister group to the true marsupialsevolved to fill every available mammalian ecological niche, in ways that uncannily mimicked the lifestyles of their placental cousins elsewhere in the world. Examples? Consider Borhyaena, a slouching, 200-pound predatory marsupial that looked and acted like an African hyena; Cladosictis, a small, sleek metatherian that resembled a slippery otter; Necrolestes, the grave robber, which behaved a bit like an anteater; and, last but not least, Thylacosmilus, the marsupial equivalent of the Saber-Tooth Tiger (and equipped with even bigger canines). Unfortunately, the opening of the Central American isthmus during the Pliocene epoch spelled the doom of these marsupials, as they were completely displaced by better-adapted placental mammals from up north. The Giant Marsupials of Australia In one respect, the marsupials of South America have long since disappearedbut in another, they continue to live on in Australia. Its likely that all of the kangaroos, wombats, and wallabies Down Under are descendants of a single marsupial species that inadvertently rafted over from Antarctica about 55 million years ago, during the early Eocene epoch. (One candidate is a distant ancestor of the Monito del Monte, or little bush monkey, a tiny, nocturnal, tree-dwelling marsupial that today lives in the bamboo forests of the southern Andes mountains.) From such unprepossessing origins, a mighty race grew. A few million years ago, Australia was home to such monstrous marsupials as Diprotodon, aka the Giant Wombat, which weighed upwards of two tons; Procoptodon, the Giant Short-Faced Kangaroo, which stood 10 feet tall and weighed twice as much as an NFL linebacker; Thylacoleo, the 200-pound marsupial lion; and the Tasmanian Tiger (genus Thylacinus), a fierce, wolf-like predator that only went extinct in the 20th century. Sadly, like most megafauna mammals worldwide, the giant marsupials of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand went extinct after the last Ice Age, survived by their much more petite descendants.

The incredible trust we put in technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The incredible trust we put in technology - Essay Example In the business world, technology has made work to be both cheaper and easier. This is because there have been innovations that rest the work which was done by human beings to computers. For example, in companies financial accounting and filing was normally done by workers manually. Nowadays there have been computer softwares such as Point of Sale which do a company’s accounting much quicker as every transaction is made. This means that accounting is done on the go. This is very cheap and time saving unlike the past where it took a lot of time and money since manual receipts hard to be filed and a lot of accountants had to be hired. Technology has been used remarkably in the communication sector. Advances in technology have resulted in mediums of communications which are both cheap and fast. A good example is the use of email to communicate. Before, long distance communication used to take a long time since letters were the ones commonly used and delivery could take long. Howe ver, the advancement of technology seen the use of the internet in the communication industry. Technologies such as email have been widely used since it is both fast to communicate using an email and cheap. In fact, it is very rare to find people using the postal office to send letters which might take even a week to reach the intended person. Sending and receiving of emails takes a maximum of five minutes irrespective of the geographical distance that is between the people who are communicating. People have also relied on technology while going about normal day to day activities. For example, people can access books over the internet very easily. This has made life easier especially for students who can access reading materials over the internet. However, scholars are beginning to view technology more of an evil than a good in the society. This is because of the high dependency that human beings have developed for technology. For example, students no longer go to libraries to read books to further their knowledge. This is because of the accessibility of written materials and journals over the internet. However, these journals can be inaccurate since they are not legally published. There are also old literatures that one cannot access over the internet. Social interactions in the society are also diminishing as a result of the dependency of technology. This is due to social sites such as Facebook and Twitter, which have limited physical social interaction in that people use them to communicate and meet people over the internet (Harrington 140). The problem here is that although people are socializing over the internet, this is not as effective as physical socializing since it does not involve the physical contact in physical social interaction. For example, if someone loses a loved one there is a difference in sending them a consolation note and physically going to console them. Physically consoling them is much personal and better. Overdependence of technolog y has also resulted in the society becoming dumber. This is because people often use search engines to find answers to various questions. People refer to articles in the internet if they want to find information rather than do that in books and creditability becomes a matter of contention. For instance, one might Google to find out whether on earth there are extra terrestrial beings. If the first search result is an article that supports

The High Court, The Crown Court & Magistrates Court Essay

The High Court, The Crown Court & Magistrates Court - Essay Example All offences which can be tried in the Crown Court are known as indictable offences. The most serious indictable offences which must be tried in the Crown Court are known as indictable-only offences. There are other indictable offences, such as theft, which can, but need not, be tried in the Crown Court. These are known as either-way offences. Below the Crown Court, at the lowest rung of the criminal court hierarchy, are the inferior magistrates' courts. Proceedings in magistrates' courts are presided over either by a bench of lay justices of the peace, who sit with a legally qualified clerk, or by a legally qualified stipendiary magistrate. Magistrates' courts try the either-way offences which are not tried in the Crown Court and also summary offences. These are crimes created by statute which must be tried by a magistrates' court. An either-way offence cannot be tried in a magistrates' court unless the accused assents to this and a magistrates' court agrees that the summary procedu re is appropriate. If the accused does not consent or the magistrates' court vetoes a summary trial the offence must be tried on indictment in the Crown Court regardless of whether the accused intends to plead guilty or not guilty. The only effect of a guilty plea is to make it unnecessary to empanel a jury in the Crown Court. ... In the majority of cases the court which convicts an accused also sentences him. High Court Her Majesty's High Court of Justice (usually known more simply as the High Court) is, together with the Crown Court and the Court of Appeal, part of the Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales (which under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, is to be known as the Senior Courts of England and Wales). It deals at first instance with all the most high value and high importance cases, and also has a supervisory jurisdiction over all subordinate courts and tribunals. Appeal from the High Court in civil matters lies to the Court of Appeal and thence to the House of Lords, except when the High Court is sitting as a Prize Court when appeal lies to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The High Court is based at the Royal Courts of Justice on The Strand, in central London. However, it also sits as 'District Registries' all across England and Wales and virtually all proceedings in the High Court may be issued and heard at a district registry. It is headed by the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales. By convention, all of its male judges are made Knights Bachelor, while all of its female ones are made Dames Commander of the British Empire. The High Court is split into three main divisions: the Queen's Bench Division, the Chancery Division and the Family Division. The Supreme Court Costs Office is the part of the High Court that deals with legal costs and falls outside these divisions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice If we look at the standard works of constitutional law, the only thing that is agreed is that judicial independence means that High Court judges may not be dismissed without an

Pharmacology and Medical Treatment Essay Example for Free

Pharmacology and Medical Treatment Essay Relating course content to the current health care environment is an integral part of your learning. Two (2) application papers are required in this course. These short papers will give you the opportunity to apply course content. They should be approximately 500 words in length each (2 pages). The topics for these two papers are noted below. Refer to at least one outside source in addition to your text as you prepare each of these papers. Application Paper One: New Pharmaceuticals Application Paper Two: Pain Medications The body of the papers should be approximately 500 words (2 pages); there should also be a title page and a reference page. Papers that are too brief or too verbose could be subject to large point deductions. The papers should be uploaded into the appropriate Dropbox. The file should be named [LastName]AP1.doc or [LastName]AP2.doc respectively. Use APA guidelines. APA requires double-spacing, but I will allow 1 ½ spacing if desired. All sources must be cited in APA format. The full reference should be found at the end of the paper. Links to APA reference guidelines are presented at the end of the course syllabus and an interactive tutorial is located in Week 3. Application Paper 1 (Due Week 4): New Pharmaceuticals TCO 2 deals with new experimental drugs and the steps required to bring new drugs to market. The first application paper deals with this as well. Describe the steps that are required to bring a new pharmaceutical to market. Address topics like human testing, the role of the FDA in approving new drugs, and the cost incurred by drug companies when developing new drugs. Application Paper 2 (Due Week 7): Pain Medications Your first paragraph needs to outline the different types of drug to relieve pain. Then, you ONLY select ONE type of pain medication to describe the mechanism of drug action (Pharmacology) and the therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, you need to discuss the adverse effects, abuse potential, and  toxicities of such type of drug (if applicable). Finally, you will describe your opinion of using such type of pain medication. The two topic papers are worth 140 points (70 points each) and represent 14% of your total grade. Each paper will be graded on the following: Content50 points Grammar/spelling10 points References/citations10 points Based on the following criteria: Content (double points for this category) 1. The paper fulfills the purpose of the assignment as described in the syllabus and in this document (up to 10 points) 2. The introduction leads logically to the main idea or thesis (up to 10 points) 3. Supporting evidence is developed and analyzed sufficiently (up to 10 points) 4. Conclusion provides insightful closure (up to 10 points) 5. The content flows logically and demonstrates an understanding of the topic (up to 10 points) Grammar/Spelling 1. Sentences are grammatically correct (noun/verb agreement, punctuation, sentence structure, etc.) (up to 5 points) 2. Spelling is correct (e.g., homonyms used correctly, no misspellings) (up to 5 points) References/citations 1. Sources are cited in the body of the paper using APA format (up to 5 points) 2. Reference list is included with the paper that lists only sources cited in the document (up to 5 points) Points will be awarded for each criterion on the following scale: 5 points = few or no weaknesses found; writer satisfies the criteria with distinction 4 points = strengths outweigh the weaknesses; writer shows sound understanding of criteria 3 points = strengths and weaknesses are about equal; writer shows awareness of criteria 2 points = weaknesses outweighs strengths;  writer shows limited understanding of criteria 1 point = weaknesses far outweigh strengths; writer does not show understanding of criteria Five points (5) will be deducted for each the following: No title page included Name is not on title page or in document Insufficient number of sources cited (must have at least one in addition to the course textbook) Please refer to DeVry’s Academic Integrity Policy located in the Policies Tab under Course Home in the online classroom. Any suspected violation of the Academic Integrity Policy will be handled according to the policy.

gene therapy :: essays research papers

Gene Therapy is hope or disaster for Human Being? ◊Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DNA determines the placement of amino acids according to DNA sequences. A specific chain of amino acids composes a specific protein that plays the essential functions in the bodies. The defect of the gene, however, results in producing wrong protein; as a result, some part of the bodies abnormally works compared to that of other normal bodies. This is called ?gGenetic Disorder?h. The scientists studied about genetic disorder and suggested an alternative for genetic disorder called ?gGene Therapy?h. Recently, gene therapy is useful to cure other diseases such as a cancer or other. (http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml http://www.asgt.org/ ) ◊History of Gene Therapy David suffered from a rare inherited disease known as adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA). He spent all his life in a germ-free plastic bubble, because gene causes a lack of enzyme that helps immune system to fight disease from outside. In 1984, he received a bone marrow transplant. Unfortunately, cells from donator?fs marrow attacked his body. As a result, he was died after a year. This event was a big issue at that time and scientists studied gene therapy to stop this bad event. In 1989, at first, W.French Anderson and a team at the National Institutes of Health gained permission for experiment to inject gene into human beings. In 1900, at first, he applied gene therapy to 4 year girl who suffered from adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA). He extracted T- lymphocytes from her bloodstream and injected gene-corrected T lymphocytes to her with a normal gene function for ADA; then he repeated a few times more. After a year, she lives as a normal kid. Her treatment was successful. In 1 991, 9 years old girl was applied to this gene therapy and her treatment was also successful. (http://www.frenchanderson.org/history/history.asp, Mapping our genes by Lois Wingerson, Medical Dilemma by Margaret O.Hyde& Elizabeth H. Forsyth. M.D.) ◊Gene Therapy Today, basic theory of gene therapy is that normal gene is inserted into genome to replace disease caused gene. The gene by itself, however, is almost impossible to get the target cell. To deliver gene successfully, a carrier called vector is necessary and virus is good for delivering gene, because virus genetically approaches human genes. Virus, however, can have a potential toxic or respond a massive immune system. In fact, some people died because of that. For this reason, scientists tried to find replacement of virus as vector. The most common virus for vector is adenovirus that causes cold.

Infectious Disease

* What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite. Hepatitis A is a contagious liver disease that comes from the Hepatitis A virus (HAV). There isn’t a treatment for the disease once you get it. How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Hepatitis A is contracted from eating food and drinking water contaminated with human feces. Eating raw and undercooked fish that was in contaminated waters contribute to the disease. Sometimes eating raw produce that have been contaminated can also cause the illness. Foods that have been sitting out in the air and have had bacteria growth on it and eaten also contribute to the disease. * What is an example of a real life outbreak of this foodborne illness in the United States? * What are the clinical symptoms, duration of the disease, and treatment if any? During Hepatitis A some symptoms of the disease are fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, clay colored bowel movements and joint pain. In 70% of the cases Jaudice is the most common symptom. Symptoms can last up to 2 months. The average time of incubation is 28 days. Once contracted, there is no treatment. The individual has the illness to run its course. * What steps can be taken to prevent further outbreaks? Include individual as well as environmental precautions and methods. To prevent further outbreaks, people should have good hygiene including wash their hands often especially when they deal with food preparation. There has also been a vaccination created for Hepatitis A that is given to children between their first and second birthday. Others that should get vaccinated are men having sex with men, people traveling to Central and Southern America, Mexico, Asia (except Japan), Africa and eastern Europe and people that use street drugs. Once you are immune to Hepatitis A you can’t get it again. To prevent the spread of Hepatitis A in water, chlorine is added to the water in US.

Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act Current Event

The Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act or CISPA is legislation that is currently being resurrected in the House of Representatives after failing to make it to a vote in the senate last year as reported as previously threatened with veto by President Obama.(WILHELM, 2013). According to the bill’s author, as reported by Wilhelm (2013) the bill aims to allow more sharing of â€Å"cyber threat intelligence† between the U.S. government and private sectors. There is quite a threat to individual freedom of speech and privacy if this bill is enacted. The proposed legislation would give tremendous powers to private industry if passed and severely limit the ways in which users enjoy privacy on the internet. Individual’s simply pirating movies or software could be classified as â€Å"cyber-threats† and become the target of combined governmental and civilian action. Personally, I perceive the proposed legislation as a threat to freedom of speech and privacy. Because of technology, terrorism and widespread global unrest, Americans’ have given the government powers beyond what our founders ever envisioned as evidenced by the most recent renewal of The Patriot Act As cyber threats evolve it is vital to have legislation to enable appropriate response, however this legislation must be carefully crafted as to not allow any party to be above the law. Reference: http://thenextweb.com/microsoft/2013/02/23/recently-hacked-heres-microsofts-statement-on-pending-cybersecurity-legislation/ WILHELM, M. (2013, Febuary 23). Recently hacked, here’s Microsoft’s statement on pending cybersecurity legislation. Retrieved from THE NEXT WEB: http://thenextweb.com/microsoft/2013/02/23/recently-hacked-heres-microsofts-statement-on-pending-cybersecurity-legislation/

Winning the Vote for Women Around the World

Winning the Vote for Women Around the World When did various nations give all women the right to vote? Many granted suffrage in steps some locales gave the vote for local elections first, or some racial or ethnic groups were excluded until later. Often, the right to stand for election and the right to vote were given at separate times. Full suffrage means that all groups of women were included, and could both vote and run for any office. 1850-1879 1851: Prussian law forbids women from joining political parties or attending meetings where politics is discussed.1869: Britain grants unmarried women who are householders the right to vote in local elections1862/3: Some Swedish women gain voting rights in local elections. 1880-1899 1881: Some Scottish women get the right to vote in local elections.1893: New Zealand grants equal voting rights to women.1894: The United Kingdom expands womens voting rights to married women in local but not national elections.  1895: South Australian women gain voting rights.1899: Western Australian women were granted voting rights.   1900-1909 1901: Women in Australia get the vote, with some restrictions.  1902: Women in New South Wales get the vote.1902: Australia grants more voting rights to women.1906: Finland adopts woman suffrage.1907: Women in Norway are permitted to stand for election.1908: Women in Denmark some women granted local voting rights.1908: Victoria, Australia, grants women voting rights.1909: Sweden grants vote in municipal elections to all women. 1910-1919 1913: Norway adopts full woman suffrage.1915: Women get the vote in Denmark and Iceland.1916: Canadian women in Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan get the vote.1917: When the Russian Czar is toppled, the Provisional Government grants universal suffrage with equality for women; later the new Soviet Russian constitution includes full suffrage to women.1917: Women in the Netherlands are granted the right to stand for election.1918: The United Kingdom gives a full vote to some women over 30, with property qualifications or a UK university degree and to all men age 21 and older.1918: Canada gives women the vote in most provinces by federal law. Quebec is not included. Native women were not included.1918: Germany grants women the vote.1918: Austria adopts woman suffrage.1918: Women given full suffrage in Latvia, Poland, Estonia, and Latvia.1918: Russian Federation gives women the right to vote.1921: Azerbaijan grants woman suffrage. (Sometimes given as 1921 or 1917.)1918: Women granted limited voting rights in Ireland. 1919: Netherlands gives women the vote.1919: Woman suffrage is granted in Belarus, Luxembourg, and Ukraine.1919: Women in Belgium granted right to vote.1919: New Zealand allows women to stand for election.1919: Sweden grants suffrage with some restrictions. 1920-1929 1920: On August 26, a constitutional amendment is adopted when the state of Tennessee ratifies it, granting full woman suffrage in all states of the United States.1920: Woman suffrage is granted in Albania, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia.1920: Canadian women get the right to stand for election (but not for all offices - see 1929 below).1921: Sweden gives women voting rights with some restrictions.1921: Armenia grants woman suffrage.1921: Lithuania grants woman suffrage.1921: Belgium grants women the right to stand for election.1922: Irish Free State, separating from the UK, gives equal voting rights to women.1922: Burma grants women voting rights.1924: Mongolia, Saint Lucia, and Tajikistan give suffrage to women.1924: Kazakstan gives limited voting rights to women.1925: Italy grants limited voting rights to women.1927: Turkmenistan grants woman suffrage.1928: The United Kingdom grants full equal voting rights to women.1928: Guyana grants woman suffrage.1928: Ireland (as part of the UK) expands womens suffrage rights. 1929: Ecuador grants suffrage, Romania grants limited suffrage.1929: Women found to be persons in Canada and therefore able to become members of the Senate. 1930-1939 1930: White women granted suffrage in South Africa.1930: Turkey grants women the vote.1931: Women get full suffrage in Spain and  Sri Lanka.1931: Chile and Portugal grant suffrage with some restrictions.1932: Uruguay, Thailand and Maldives jump on the woman suffrage bandwagon.1934: Cuba and Brazil adopt woman suffrage.1934: Turkish women are able to stand for election.1934: Portugal grants woman suffrage, with some restrictions.1935: Women gain right to vote in Myanmar.1937: The Philippines grants women full suffrage.1938: Women get the vote in Bolivia.1938: Uzbekistan grants full suffrage to women.1939: El Salvador grants voting rights to women. 1940-1949 1940: Women of Quebec are granted voting rights.1941: Panama grants limited voting rights to women.1942: Women gain full suffrage in the  Dominican Republic.1944: Bulgaria, France and Jamaica grant suffrage to women.1945: Croatia, Indonesia, Italy, Hungary, Japan (with restrictions), Yugoslavia, Senegal, and Ireland enact woman suffrage.1945: Guyana allows women to stand for election.1946: Woman suffrage adopted in Palestine, Kenya, Liberia, Cameroon, Korea, Guatemala, Panama (with restrictions), Romania (with restrictions), Venezuela, Yugoslavia, and Vietnam.1946: Women allowed to stand for election in Myanmar.1947: Bulgaria, Malta, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, and Argentina extend suffrage to women.1947: Japan extends suffrage, but still retains some restrictions.1947: Mexico grants the vote to women at the municipal level.1948: Israel, Iraq, Korea, Niger, and Surinam adopt woman suffrage.1948: Belgium, which previously granted the vote to women, establishes suffrage with a few re strictions for women. 1949: Bosnia and Herzegovina grant woman suffrage.1949: China and Costa Rica give women the vote.1949: Women gain full suffrage in Chile but most vote separately from men.1949: Syrian Arab Republic gives the vote to women.1949/1950: India grants woman suffrage. 1950-1959 1950: Haiti and Barbados adopt woman suffrage.1950: Canada grants full suffrage, extending the vote to some women (and men) previously not included, still excluding Native women.1951: Antigua, Nepal, and Grenada give women the vote.1952: Covenant on Political Rights of Women enacted by the United Nations, calling for womens right to vote and right to stand for elections.  1952: Greece, Lebanon, and Bolivia (with restrictions) extend suffrage to women.1953: Mexico grants women the right to stand for election. and to vote in national elections.1953: Hungary and Guyana give voting rights to women.1953: Bhutan and the Syrian Arab Republic establish full woman suffrage.1954: Ghana, Colombia, and Belize grant woman suffrage.1955: Cambodia, Ethiopia, Peru, Honduras, and Nicaragua adopt woman suffrage.1956: Women given suffrage in Egypt, Somalia, Comoros, Mauritius, Mali, and Benin.1956: Pakistani women gain the right to vote in national elections.1957: Malaysia extends suffrage to women.1 957: Zimbabwe grants women the vote. 1959: Madagascar and Tanzania give suffrage to women.1959: San Marino permits women to vote. 1960-1969 1960: Women of Cyprus, Gambia, and Tonga get suffrage.1960: Canadian women win full rights to stand for election, as Native women are also included.1961: Burundi, Malawy, Paraguay, Rwanda and Sierra Leone adopt woman suffrage.1961: Women in the Bahamas gain suffrage, with limits.1961: Women in El Salvador are permitted to stand for election.1962: Algeria, Monaco, Uganda, and Zambia adopts woman suffrage.1962: Australia adopts full woman suffrage (a few restrictions remain).1963: Women in Morocco, Congo, the  Islamic Republic of Iran  and Kenya gain suffrage.1964: Sudan adopts woman suffrage.1964: The Bahamas adopts full suffrage with restrictions.1965: Women gain full suffrage in Afghanistan, Botswana, and Lesotho.1967: Ecuador adopts full suffrage with a few restrictions.1968: Full woman suffrage adopted in Swaziland. 1970-1979 1970: Yemen adopts full suffrage.1970: Andorra permits women to vote.1971: Switzerland adopts woman suffrage, and the United States lowers the voting age for both men and women to eighteen by a Constitutional amendment.1972: Bangladesh grants woman suffrage.1973: Full suffrage granted to women in Bahrain.1973: Women permitted to stand for election in Andorra and San Marino.1974: Jordan and the Solomon Islands extend suffrage to women.1975: Angola,  Cape Verde, and Mozambique give suffrage to women.1976: Portugal adopts full woman suffrage with a few restrictions.1978: The Republic of Moldova adopts full suffrage with a few restrictions.1978: Women in Zimbabwe are able to stand for election.1979: Women in the Marshall Islands and Micronesia gain full suffrage rights. 1980-1989 1980: Iran gives women the vote.1984: Full suffrage granted to women of Liechtenstein.1984: In South Africa, voting rights are extended to Coloureds and Indians.1986: Central African Republic adopts woman suffrage. 1990-1999 1990: Samoan women gain full suffrage.1994: Kazakhstan grants women full suffrage.1994: Black women gain full suffrage in South Africa. 2000- 2005: Kuwaiti Parliament grants women of Kuwait full suffrage.

7 Strategies for Landing Your Dream Job (Even If You Arent Qualified)

7 Strategies for Landing Your Dream Job (Even If You Arent Qualified) â€Å"Do what you love.† This is pretty common career advice, and you’ve probably heard it before. There’s just one catch- how do you get to that dream job, the job you really want? Especially if you don’t really have the experience or qualifications you need? All is not lost. Assuming you don’t want to jump from, say, retail clerk to astronaut, there are ways to help boost yourself up into your dream job. 1. Know What You WantIf you don’t have a goal in mind, it’ll be awfully difficult to set your path to get there. Before you start combing job listings or working on your resume, it’s important to know what your goal is here. This is especially true if your dream job is a bit of a stretch, professionally. Winging it won’t get you ahead here.If you’re having trouble deciding what that dream job can be, there are fun tools like this interactive dream job quiz that can help you speed up the thought process by taking your interests and offering real-world odds of getting a related job. (Sadly, it turns out my odds of becoming a TV-watching spy aren’t super high.)If you’re still not sure about how to juggle what you want to do versus what you’re qualified to do, career coach Laura Berman Fortgang has some great advice about how to cut through the noise and figure out what you want to get from your career:2. Know Your ValueExperience is a great attribute to have in your job hunt, but it’s not the only one. You also need to look at the quality of that experience: the skills and knowledge you have accumulated over time. Whether you’ve been working for 1  year or 15  years, you have steadily built your skills and your professional value. When you’re crafting your resume, think about using a format that showcases your skills, instead of using the traditional chronological format where you list your jobs, working backwards.3. See the Job Requirements as Gui delines, Not Set in StoneIf you think of the job description requirements as more of a starting point than an ironclad list of requirements, it can help remove some of that mental block to applying to a job that may be a reach. While some things may be non-negotiable (such as particular skills), other things may be more flexible if you have equivalent skills or experience. For example, if a job description calls for a Bachelor’s degree but you have an Associate’s and a number of skills related to the job, don’t let that scare you off. Just make sure you emphasize the qualities and skills that you do have to support the job description.4. Set Your StoryEveryone loves a good story- and hiring managers like a story that shows how great a person would be for this particular job. Your resume is the snapshot of your skills and professional experience, but your work doesn’t end there. You need to help set the narrative. Are you the savvy underdog looking to trad e up your skills for experience? Are you a bold career-changer looking to translate your skills and experience to a new industry? Your resume doesn’t tell a reader everything about you- just the highlights. This is why a cover letter can be essential, even in these days of automated submissions. Not only is it a chance to add more key words (more on that in a bit), but it lets you add some color and context about who you are, and summarize why you’re such a great fit for this position.If you don’t have tons of experience, it’s also a way to start the conversation about how your skills bridge a potential experience gap. Give the reader a reason to keep reading, instead of flipping ahead to the next resume. Work on your elevator pitch, which is a quick, succinct headline that answers three questions: who you are, what you do, and what you’re looking for. That’s the line you can hit in your cover letter, in a summary statement/objective on your resume, and again in the interview. This is your chance to set up your brand.5. Outsmart the Resume RobotsThese days, there’s a good chance that the first reader of your resume/application package isn’t even human. No offense to the robots out there, but this is not ideal if you’re trying to punch above your weight class, professionally. The smartest thing you can do here is know exactly what the company is looking for- and you have the job description right in front of you to help you do that. Make sure your resume and cover letter are hitting the key words that jump out of the job description- especially the ones related to experience, education, and skills. This is also where careful proofreading of your resume comes in handy; you want to make sure that your high-priority key words are spelled correctly, and match the way they’re presented in the job description. You don’t want to lie, but if you’re trying to get somewhat creative with y our qualifications, hitting as many of the key points from the job description as possible may get you past the first round, and one step closer to an interview where you can wow them with the skills you do have.6. Network Like CrazyYour network isn’t just a nice little collection of Twitter handles or LinkedIn headshots. These are people whose experience and professional kinship can help boost you from faceless applicant to contender. According to LinkedIn, a whopping 85% (!) of jobs are filled by network referrals. Why is this? Filling open jobs is time-consuming and expensive, and companies like to feel good about the choice and investment they’re making.Having someone else vouch for an applicant can help make that process easier, and push the applicant higher on the list than they might have made it if they just went through the usual process of 1) find job; 2) apply online; 3) wait for HR rep to call. Having someone talk up your skills and fitness for the job is i mmensely helpful. And you never know when an opening or an opportunity may pop up from your old boss, or that guy who sat next to you in Accounting class. Keeping these relationships fresh, and making an effort to attend industry events or networking events is definitely worth your time.7. Package Yourself CarefullyYou already know you need a resume, but that’s merely the first step. If it’s been a while since you redid your resume from scratch, guess what? Now’s the time to burn that sucker to the ground (not literally- no fire hazards, please) and create a new one for the opportunities you want:What Your Resume Should Look Like in 2017Here’s the Number One Resume Mistake You’re MakingWhat’s the Best Format for Your Resume?Your 5-Question Resume ChecklistAnd as always, it’s important to make sure you’re tailoring your resume to match the job you want. Customizing your resume doesn’t take long, and it can mean the differ ence between Joe, the Generic Okay Job Applicant and Joe, the Impressive Interview Candidate Who Would Fit in At Rodeo Clown Inc.But don’t neglect the other pieces here- the cover letter can be an essential part of your applicant package, especially when you’re trying to level up:Important Cover Letter Trends in 2017 That Will Help Your Job Search5 Must Haves for an Effective Cover Letter4 Steps to Writing a Kick-Ass Cover LetterAnd don’t skimp on interview prep, so that you’re ready when the call comes. Make sure your interview outfit and lucky shoes are ready to go, and get yourself in interview fighting shape:7 Real Life Interview Mistakes You Can Learn FromThe Most Important Talking Points for Your Upcoming Interview12 Easy Steps to a Successful Job InterviewIt also can’t hurt to brush up on what not to do. A few cautionary tales can help your interview game when the time comes:5 Reasons You Just Had a Really Bad Interview10 Personal Things Not to Say in an InterviewAfter all, this is your dream job, and you don’t want to feel like you’re scrambling to cover weaknesses or a lack of experience. The more you practice and work on your total package, the smoother you’ll look when you’re finally presenting yourself as the ideal applicant.

Woolworths UK Management Challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Woolworths UK Management Challenges - Essay Example Woolworths is affected by some human resource-based issues plaguing the retail industry. For instance, some clients have asserted that before purchasing items in any retail store, they usually consider behaviors of the store’s employees. Woolworths has received numerous reviews about this aspect. Consumer surveys have indicated that a half of retail purchasers are happy with Woolworth’s consumer service while the other halves have asserted that their employees are rude. Consequently, the company has to work on the latter percentage. (Hammer and Champy, 1993) Marketing strategies are crucial to running any business. For companies to dwell in the retail sector today, they need to portray a clear theme in their advertisement and marketing strategies. Woolworths’ marketing manager asserts that the company’s marketing strategy is largely centered on three major categories and these are; These three themes are what make Woolworths stand out. However, other critics assert that Woolworths is severely lacking in this area. They claim that while other retail chain stores are distinct and stand out depending on specific themes; Woolworths has nothing special that makes it unique. Consequently, this is a marketing or branding issue that will affect future decisions made by Woolworths. Demand determinants are also instrumental in determining how Woolworths performs in the UK market. There are a number of things that UK consumers look for when shopping in retail chain stores and some of them include When one talks about convenience, they are referring to the ease of reach with which one can find commodities in retail stores. This is usually depicted by the manner of arrangement.

MAKING STRATEGY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

MAKING STRATEGY - Assignment Example Lastly, the report’s concluding part comprises of integrated statement of strategic intent and process commentary. This part demonstrates strategy as issue management process. Issue map are known as tidied hierarchical map having priorities marked. In addition this section analyses strategy as the prioritisation and management of key issues (Ackermann and Eden 2011). The general point concerning making strategy is about agreeing on which strategic issues to practically concentrate cash, energy, effort and emotion (Raimond and Eden 1990). The strategic issues that need to be resolved in order to assure the long term success of the organization over next 2 to 5 years concern revenue gain for Edinburgh airport (Edwards 2004). The issues are shown in strategy as a management issue map below (Ackermann and Eden 2011). Surfaced issues concerning opportunities Edinburgh airport is facing such as round robin (procedural justice), negative issues and opportunities, cause and effect and action orientation issues (Ackermann and Eden 2011). Linked issues: Strategic issues are not autonomous, they influence one another. The process of linking issues adds significance to the workshop in different ways. The first advantage is that through the linking procedure participants (team members) can start to recognize in more aspects how the surfaced issues connect to each other (Raimond and Eden 1990). Significantly the procedure progress from thematic clusters to action clusters where a number of the connections identified transverse the thematic clusters also within them. This issue map is action-oriented since it captures a means-ends framework where each connecting arrow denotes a ‘means’ statement and an ‘ends’ statement (Ackermann and Eden 2011). The priorities denote essential perspectives of strategy; a bargained agreement concerning where to

Racial and Ethnic Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Racial and Ethnic Relations - Assignment Example The reason is very obvious. No matter how modern and liberal we have become, we still have not been able to come out of the so-called pride and prejudice system regarding gender and race. In the workplaces and outside, women of Color are always treated as low class citizens. If we survey through organizations, we come to know that white men are given high level job positions while employees of Color, and especially women of another race or other underrepresented minority groups, are given low level positions due to which there often arise interpersonal conflicts and the overall organizational culture gets affected. Complaints by women of Color regarding discrimination are not even heard. Due to this fact, there are a lot of discrimination cases at workplaces that go unidentified because the victims are always sure that they will not be given an ear and their problem will never be solved. The reason for this is that the offender is always someone who is at a higher job level or is of the other gender. This makes the complainant apprehensive about the issue. Women of Color also have to undergo sexual harassment at times.

Bicycle Thieves And Italian Neo Realism Film Studies Essay

Bicycle Thieves And Italian Neo Realism Film Studies Essay It is evident that Italian Neorealism and the life of post-war shaped the film Bicycle Thieves (1948). However, with much debate, one can argue that the sentimental nature of the film overwhelms the films potential to make a forceful political statement. With reference to important scenes from the film, Italian neorealist principles and the usage of sentiment; one can justifiably claim that the forceful political statement is not overwhelmed by sentiment, and in fact enhances the message the film aims to give off. Neorealism was an influential and significant movement in film history, which took place in Italy at the ending of World War II. Italy moved from fascism and dictatorship, whereby much was revolved around a single-party state seen in World War I, to an equal and democratic society. This change in society brought about characteristics and principles which became noticeable in cinema during this time period. These principles not only molded the film Bicycle Thieves, but were used to bring about a message to the audience. The filmmakers and directors believed they had an ethical responsibility to use cinema to promote the social change that had just occurred post the war. Ideally, it wasnt so much about the storyline of the film, but more about making the public aware of the difficulties that working people had to face. Here we see a Marxist approach on the rebuilding of Italy whereby unlike the mythology of Classic Hollywood, no single person can change the world and the ultimate society would be a classless society. Neorealisms origin of strength lies in the documentary excellence which is used to portray the realism of the story. One might speculate what Bicycle Thieves would be like in colour, however the black and white aspect highlights the tone of the film being a bleak, depressing emotion contrary to the usage of colour which would highlight liveliness and energy and go against the tone of the film. Thus, clearly showing that the sentiment brings about the tone of the film which enhances the message of presenting the gloomy conditions of poverty in post-war Italy. The reconstituted reportage, based on daily life and events, also adds more truth to the film and is not the making of a documentary but rather shown and seen in a documentary-type way and aids to make available the focus of temporary altering and moving from one area or subject to another. Truth is an important principle of neorealism, as truth brings realism. This can be seen through the truth of the characters, lighting, location, dà ©cor, camera shots, camera angles and editing. This not only brings about authenticity but also creates a much stronger message for the audience. In Bicycle Thieves, there is a correlation between truth and sentiment, and truth and the political statement Which are justifiably both used in this film without over powering one another in order to positively enhance the films message. Inevitably, in order for a director to get an actual event (post-war) understood by his audience truth and realism is the most effective approach. Neorealism focuses on the characters and themes without much focus on the plot itself as the plot is seen to warp the truth about people. Thus, the film wouldve not only been boring if there was no sentiment (due to there not being enough material if there was no storyline about characters), but to know and understand a situation, one must be put in a position where you have the opportunity of learning a great deal about the faith and frustrations of a human being. Equally, a boring film is a failed film. Through this, neorealists are able to portray truth to a greater extend through bringing about simplicity yet a means of understanding the real life; a main appeal in films even today. The storyline being as simple as the search for a bicycle doesnt take the political statement too far away from the message. Likewise, the actual characters in the film are everyday normal people. The workman was found in the factory, the child was wondering around the streets and the wife was a writer. This is known as Typage whereby there is no star system which immediately creates a far more realistic/truth approach and feel. Similarly, the locations and dà ©cor are real and not built-up or made-up, the lighting is natural which attempts to present reality as it is, the editing is invincible which enhances truth and the camera is free which is unrestricted and brings about a far more convincing viewing. With the storyline of the characters and the truth which is by principle brought about, I fully agree that it brings about sentiment. However, It puts you (the audience) in a far more heart-felt and understanding position which I believe brings about the political statement in a far more expressive way, rather than a theoretical and cold approach. And as some agree, its not even sentimental its just painful. (REFERENCE 6) Instead of a cold theoretical approach, we are introduced to a family who are ordinary and by no means are glamorous heros which is commonly seen in Classical Hollywood. Quite frankly, if we werent introduced to characters and the sentiment they bring, which play a role in this film, I personally dont think much of a political statement would be made as one needs interest to grasp a statement. The character of Ricci is the focus of the film, however we are not interested in him but rather what will happen next in the films sequence of events. And even though characters bring about sentiment and the viewer starts becoming attached to the role the characters plays, in Bicycle Thieves, Bruno the son unsentimentally still criticizes his father. In response to the representation of the political statement made in this film, we are clearly able to see this in noticeable scenes in the film. In the first scene, the camera follows Ricci from the unemployment gathering to his wife where the housing project is in the background, which is fully exhibited to the viewer showing the bleak conditions. We see the men and woman arguing about employment and shortage of water. This emphasis on long and medium shots which appeals to the truth in the film enhances the political message due to the events getting exhibited on a whole Whereas close up would bring more sentiment. Long and medium shots show the actor loosely framed in his environment and allow the viewer opportunity to look around in that environment with the added enhancement of the shots taken at eye level. As well as minimized jumps and shifts through editing to bring more real life to the cinema audience. Thus we see here that sentiment is not overwhelming the political statement, but rather the political statement is actually taking dominance in the shots. Of course the neorealist did move in for close-ups every now and then which in effect is therefore very strong and still strings along the story of the characters and the central object, which is needed to (as mentioned earlier) keep the audience interested and not bored. The central object is the bicycle. They are everywhere and yet precious, and the frailty of the Ricci familys position is enforced when Antonios bicycle is stolen. Here, the object brings sentiment to enforce the political statement, and what I find even more interesting is how the title changed from Bicycle Thief to Bicycle Thieves as ultimately it becomes a vicious cycle of survival as one has to steal their own bicycle back from the thief, therefore becoming a thief resulting in thieves. This therefore constitutes to the message of the film, for the continuous struggle of the haves and have-nots. Through the character of Antonio, It is the hope that drives him and allows him to move on in his quest to find his stolen bicycle. Although the directors glumness drives the plot, it is ultimately the clash with human optimism which gives the film affective power and without the human sentiment one can argue that the film would not produce affective power. If we look at three scenes, we are able to see how sentiment brings power to the political statement. In one scene we see Antonio and Maria trade in their bed linen. The camera moves away from them and we see the heaps of bed-linen behind the counter, a tacit bleak reminder of the extensive nature of unemployment while recognizing its effect on the heart of families household lives. Again we see how realistic the lighting is and the framing is loose to incorporate the environmental conditions to promote the political message. In another scene we see Ricci reporting his bicycle stolen and is directed by the policeman to the piles of alike reported cases. His account and circumstances are not singular, and we see here how it is not only this family that is going through this but also a lot of people. Thus portraying the political message that goes beyond this familys personal sentiment. Here we are also shown how humanitarianism prohibited Ricci from pressing official charges anti the thief, and the same moral fiber that spared him after he was caught stealing a bicycle. After seeing Bruno in tears, the sufferer understood Riccis condition and let him go. Such a film was essential in Italy as through this family we have the opportunity of being a bystander to the brutality of a civil war between fascists and its on going of killing and reprisals through seeing how this effects one, and how not only effecting this family but many others. Italy in post-war was in need of healing and compassion even at the cost of a perceived injustice. (Paul Baxa, 2011) Healing does not come from the government and leaders of the country, but come from within the everyday man on the streets you and me. Thus, from the Riccis, those being affected by the war and living within such conditions as well as the audience viewing this film who can in many ways relate. In another scene, arguably the most sentimental scene yet what I believe portrays the political message more powerfully than any other- we see the father and sons relationship come to a mend. It is understood with looking into the Italian family lifestyle, that the father and sons relationship is by far the strongest and most special. Little Brunos appearance when taking his fathers hand in the last scene is merely a realistic point of life and is a means of facing life with your father an important part in Italian culture. With Bruno being the witness of the tragedy and finally coming to realize his father is not a hero after all (contrary to Classic Hollywood), much like the audience being a witness too, this scene gives off a sense of aggravation, humiliation, paradox and most of all acceptance to survival. These sentimental feelings therefore expresses the political statement as this ending of when the father and son take hands, expresses manhood and the hardship and survival one needs to go through with still looking for a sense of acceptance. Bicycle Thieves therefore inevitably portrayed the political statement through expressing the social conditions without expressing solutions. One might argue that this is a downfall, however at this moment in time solutions were not theoretical and if healing was going to occur it was going to have to come from the people. Thus, this film is inevitably awareness that needs to be found in each individual, which will create its own solution. Much like the theme and characters inevitably creating a plot on its own in Neorealism. The neorealist approach doesnt have an inbuilt political meaning solution, as the most widespread attribute of neorealism is; on location shooting and the feeling of truth. (REFERENCE) Exactly what Bicycle Thieves so effectively does. One must also remember when viewing this film in the 21st century that twenty-five percent of the Italian workforce was unemployed at the time and if you were employed, getting to work was with the use of a bicycle. The object of the bicycle thus symbolized survival. In conclusion, one can therefore justifiably argue that the sentimental nature of Bicycle Thieves does not overwhelm the political statement but essentially enhances it. If the political statement made in the film was to feed off a means of a solution, and the solution could only be found in the common individual like the Riccis family then one needs to understand the individuals situation as well as have an opportunity to walk in their shoes. Through sentiment that is not overly used in this film, one can see the hardship for survival through the story of these characters in order to become aware, as well as stay intrigued. Without focalizing power of the central character but rather the political statement through the characters, this film uses The death of one man is a tragedy, the death of millions is a statistic. (Joseph Stalin, 1953) to its advantage by effectively showing the tragedy of individuals with indication to the masses statistic.

Achilles Respect for Authority in The Iliad :: Iliad essays

Achilles Respect for Authority in The Iliad Respect for authority plays an important role in The Iliad. Achilles is a major character in it whose views on authority change throughout the book. In Book One, he seems to have no respect for King Agamemnon. Achilles questions his judgment as well as rebelling against his authority. This is shown best when Achilles says, "What a worthless, burnt-out coward I'd be called if I would submit to you and all your orders." (Pg. 87 line 43-45). This is an outright lack of respect directed toward Agamemnon. By Book Twenty-four however, his views seem to have changed. Achilles talks to King Priam of Troy with respect. An example in Book twenty-four is when Achilles and King Priam weep together over their losses. Book One portrays Achilles as an individualist. This was the accepted way of life in the Bronze Age, which is when Achilles lived. The people who lived in Greece during that era were very selfish and self-centered. Achilles is not the only character in The Iliad who acts this way. Agamemnon, king of the Greeks, is also a very selfish character in this epic poem. The conflicts between these two major characters have catastrophic results. Because Agamemnon doesn't want to give up Chryseis, his war-prize, Apollo cast a plague on the Greeks. Achilles goes to Agamemnon and asks him to return the girl to her father so the plague will end. He agrees to return her, but he doesn't want to be left empty-handed. He returns Chryseis to her home, and he takes Briseis, a war-prize of Achilles. Achilles is so angry with Agamemnon that he vows to stop helping him fight the Trojans. As the battle goes on, Agamemnon realizes how important Achilles and his Myrmidons are to the Achaean troops. The King of the Greeks then swallows his pride and offers gifts to Achilles if he will come back and help fight. Achilles, however, is so stubborn that he refuses all the gifts and will not allow his troops to fight. When he is offered the gifts he rudely responds, "I hate the man [Agamemnon] like the very gates of death who says one thing but hides another in his heart."(Pg. 262 lines 378-379) This quote shows how much

Circumplex Model

Introduction Marriage and Family are very important aspects of the human experience. These two units play vital roles in who individuals are and who they may become. Many times issues or problems arise in the marriage and family structure thus, requiring therapy in order to make matters better. The Circumplex Model of Family and Marriage has been used and has been affective in the treatment process when helping dysfunctional families. The Circumplex Model of Marriage and Family Therapy developed by David Olson and other colleagues provides a road map in understanding the marriage and family experience. Circumplex Model of Marriage and Family As previously mentioned, the Circumplex model of Marriage and Family Therapy was developed by David Olson and several of his colleagues. This model focuses on the three central dimensions of marital and family systems: cohesion, flexibility, and communication (Olson, 1999). In these dimensions the family system is ranged from balanced, to mid-ranged, to extreme. The family system is further ranked as chaotic, flexible, structural, or rigid. This model was developed in an attempt to narrow the separation of research, theory, and practice (Olson, 1999). Olson states that the model is specifically designed for clinical assessment, treatment planning, and outcome effectiveness of marital and family therapy. Three Dimensions of the Circumplex Model As stated prior, the three dimensions of the Circumplex Model are cohesion or togetherness. The second being flexibility or the amount of change in the families leadership, role relationships, and relationship rules, and the last dimension is communication. Following is a clearer definition of each dimension: †¢Cohesion:Described as the emotional bonding that family members have toward one another. Family cohesion can be considered as emotion bonding, boundaries, coalitions, time space, friends, decision-making, and interests and recreation. The focus of cohesion is how systems balance their separateness versus togetherness. There are four levels of cohesion ranging from disengaged (very low) to separated (low to moderate) to connected (moderate to high) to enmeshed (very high). It is hypothesized that the central or balanced levels of cohesion (separated and connected) make for optimal family functioning. The extremes or unbalanced levels (disengaged or enmeshed) are generally seen as problematic for relationships over the long term (Olson, 1999). †¢Flexibility:This is the amount of change in its leadership, role relationships, and relationship rules. The specific concepts include leadership (control, discipline), negotiation styles, role relationships and relationship rules. The focus of flexibility is on how systems balance stability versus change. The four levels of flexibility range from rigid (very low) to structured (low to moderate) to flexible (moderate to high) to chaotic (very high). As with cohesion, it is hypothesized that central or balanced levels of flexibility (structured and flexible) are more conducive to good marital and family functioning, with extremes (rigid and chaotic) being the most problematic for families as they move through their life cycle. Flexibility focuses on the change in a family’s leadership, roles and rules (Olson, 1999). †¢Communication:This aspect is considered critical for facilitating movement on the other two dimensions. Because it is a facilitating dimension, communication is not graphically included in the model along with cohesion and flexibility. Communication is measured by focusing on the family as a group with regard to their listening skills, speaking skills, self-disclosure, clarity, continuity tracking, and respect and regard. In terms of listening skills, the focus is on empathy and attentive listening. Speaking skills include speaking for oneself and not speaking for others. Self-disclosure relates to sharing feelings about self and the relationship. Tracking is staying on topic, and respect and regard relate to the affective aspect of the communication and problem solving skill in couples and families and have found that balanced systems tend to have very good communication, whereas unbalanced systems tend to have poor communication (Olson, 1999). Circumplex Model: Couple and Family Map The three dimensional Family Circumplex Model Each of the dimensions in the Circumplex Model are key elements in the how Olson’s view of marriage and family are based. Olson believes that the way families interact with each other is based on togetherness, flexibility, and communication. Studying and evaluating these areas can lead to answers and solutions of troubled families and marriages. Treatment Planning Using the Circumplex Model The Circumplex Model has been a useful tool in the treatment process of helping dysfunctional families. A major job for research outcomes is to determine which elements of intervention are most appropriate and effective with which presenting problems and with which elements of family functioning (Olson, 1999). This model was formulated to lead families towards more functional patterns and rise above behavior what is not socially correct or accepted. The model provides a conceptual framework for assessing family system functioning on two dimensions of family organization: cohesion and flexibility (Olson, 1999). Families that are monitored under the Circumplex Model from either extreme intervention strategies can be set in place to guide them towards a more balanced system in a step by step process. Clinicians need to be very attentive to prevent wavering that can occur. The clinician has to evaluate and rate each aspect of the treatment process in order to affectively rank the family or couple in the model. In doing this, the clinician has to determine which area is the outweighing factor that is causing the most conflict in the family. Using the Circumplex Model in my Practice After careful research and studying of the Circumplex Model, I have found the components of the model to be quite interesting. It is believed that the model, if careful used and used in depth to assess issues of family and marriage can be very useful in determining the root cause of the dysfunction that the family is stricken by. I personally would attempt using the Circumplex Model once I have become a therapist because I believe it would lead me to ways that can shed light on key causes of family problems and possibly could be a path to other therapeutic processes to help the client. Because I believe that this model does pin point problems of clients whether there is a lack of togetherness, too much togetherness, a lack of flexibility or too much flexibility, or a lack of communication, this model provides enough information to give the necessary treatment to help clients overcome their problems. Conclusion The Circumplex Model of Marriage and Family ultimate goal is to bridge the gap between research, theory, and clinical practice (Olson, 1999). It is designed for clinical assessments and treatment planning with couples and families. Through the three dimensions of cohesion, flexibility, and communication, studies are performed to evaluate the extremities of each dimension thus, shedding light on what the family or couple maybe lacking or overly possessing. Clinicians must have a central goal of the presenting problem and symptoms of family members to achieve intervention focuses on changing a dysfunctional type of couple or family system (Olson, 1999). The basic assumption is that the current pattern of interaction in the family system dynamics are helping to maintain symptomatic behaviors (Olson, Gorall, 2006). Before the problems of the families and marriages can be alleviated, the current pattern of interaction in the family needs to be changed. The Circumplex Model of Marriage and Family can be very helpful to clinicians in providing treatment and very beneficial to clients who maybe seeking assistance to resolve matters in his or her family structure of marriage. References FACES IV & the Circumplex Model, David H. Olson & Dean Gorall, 2006 www. lifeinnovations. com Circumplex Model of Marital & Family Systems, David H. Olson, 1999